Non GamStop Casinos: Best Curaçao Casinos Not on GamStop for UK Players
Updated: 28th of September 2026Non GamStop casinos are online casinos licensed outside the UK Gambling Commission's remit, which means the GAMSTOP self-exclusion scheme does not cover them. Most operate under a Curaçao licence rather than a UKGC one, a distinction that changes the bonuses, payment methods and protections on offer. This guide reviews ten casinos not on GamStop against consistent criteria, then explains the licensing, bonus terms, payments and safer-gambling controls you need before opening an account.
Best Casinos Not on GamStop — Ranked
Betmica: welcome package for players wanting slot variety
Betmica leads this list on the strength of its welcome offer, a 570% match up to £5,700 plus 270 free spins, one of the largest headline packages among the casinos not on GamStop we looked at. That size makes the wagering terms especially important to read before depositing, since a bigger match multiplies the stakes you need to clear it.
| Year Launched | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 3,500+ |
| Payout Time | 24–72 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 40x |
| Minimum Deposit | £20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Play'n GO, Evolution Gaming |
Pros
- Large headline welcome match
- Broad slot library
- Live dealer tables included
Cons
- High wagering multiplier reduces real bonus value
- Limited independent track record given recent launch
Kikibet: high-percentage match for regular slot players
Kikibet's 350% match up to £5,555 with 300 free spins targets players who deposit reasonably large amounts. The free spin count is generous, but as with any large bonus, the wagering requirement and maximum bet cap during play determine whether it converts to withdrawable funds.
| Year Launched | 2022 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 2,800+ |
| Payout Time | 24–48 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 35x |
| Minimum Deposit | £15 |
| Top Game Providers | NetEnt, Microgaming, Big Time Gaming |
Pros
- Large free spin allocation
- Reasonably low minimum deposit
- Established since 2022
Cons
- Wagering applies across deposit and bonus, extending clearance time
- Live chat coverage hours are not independently confirmed
Betninja: fixed-amount bonus with fewer moving parts
Betninja offers a flat £1,000 bonus plus 100 free spins rather than a percentage match, which makes the offer easier to size against your own deposit than a scaling match bonus. This suits players who prefer to know the exact ceiling before they commit funds.
| Year Launched | 2021 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 3,000+ |
| Payout Time | 24–72 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 35x |
| Minimum Deposit | £20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Novomatic, Playtech |
Pros
- Fixed bonus amount is easy to calculate against deposit
- Longer operating history than several rivals here
- Table game selection alongside slots
Cons
- Free spin value is modest relative to the cash bonus
- Cashout cap details need checking directly with support before large deposits
WinnerIsland: euro-denominated welcome bonus
WinnerIsland's welcome bonus of up to €1,000 plus 100 free spins is priced in euros rather than sterling, so UK players should check the live conversion rate and whether a GBP account option exists before depositing, since currency conversion can quietly reduce the bonus's sterling value.
| Year Launched | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 2,500+ |
| Payout Time | 48–72 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 40x |
| Minimum Deposit | €20 |
| Top Game Providers | Evolution Gaming, Play'n GO, Pragmatic Play |
Pros
- Solid live dealer offering
- Straightforward tiered welcome structure
Cons
- Euro pricing means UK players carry conversion risk
- Shorter operating history limits evidence on withdrawal consistency
Zombillion: themed casino with a sizeable free spin pack
Zombillion's Welcome Pack of 250% up to £4,000 plus 200 free spins is aimed at slot-focused players. The percentage is lower than some rivals on this list, but the flat spin count is competitive, and the sterling denomination avoids the conversion question that affects euro-priced offers.
| Year Launched | 2022 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 2,600+ |
| Payout Time | 24–72 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 40x |
| Minimum Deposit | £20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Microgaming, NetEnt |
Pros
- Sterling-priced bonus removes conversion guesswork
- Generous free spin allocation
Cons
- 40x wagering is at the higher end of what we recorded across this list
- Independent evidence on support responsiveness is limited
Smash Casino: large percentage match for bigger depositors
Smash Casino's 600% up to €10,000 slots welcome package is the largest ceiling by value on this page, but it is structured specifically around slots and priced in euros. Players depositing smaller amounts will see the same 600% ratio apply, so the offer scales rather than being fixed.
| Year Launched | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 3,200+ |
| Payout Time | 24–72 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 45x |
| Minimum Deposit | €25 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Play'n GO, Evolution Gaming |
Pros
- Very large maximum match value
- Wide slot catalogue
Cons
- 45x wagering requirement is among the highest reviewed here
- Euro-only pricing requires currency conversion for GBP depositors
Nightluck: multi-part welcome offer across several deposits
Nightluck advertises €6,400 plus 280 free spins across an 805% structure, which in practice usually means the bonus is split across a first deposit series rather than delivered in one match. Players should confirm the deposit-by-deposit breakdown in the terms rather than assuming the full figure applies to a single deposit.
| Year Launched | 2022 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 2,900+ |
| Payout Time | 48–72 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 40x |
| Minimum Deposit | €20 |
| Top Game Providers | NetEnt, Novomatic, Big Time Gaming |
Pros
- Large cumulative bonus value across multiple deposits
- Sizeable free spin component
Cons
- Multi-deposit structure requires careful reading to understand true value
- Euro pricing again means conversion considerations for UK players
CoinPoker: crypto-focused offer for card and poker players
CoinPoker's 150% up to $2,000 bonus is smaller in headline terms than most others on this list, but its positioning around cryptocurrency payments and poker-adjacent products sets it apart. This is relevant for players specifically looking for crypto deposit options rather than card or bank transfer routes.
| Year Launched | 2019 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 1,200+ |
| Payout Time | Under 24 hours for crypto |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 30x |
| Minimum Deposit | $20 equivalent |
| Top Game Providers | Evolution Gaming, proprietary poker software, Pragmatic Play |
Pros
- Lower wagering requirement than most offers on this page
- Faster crypto withdrawal reputation
- Longer operating history than several newer entrants here
Cons
- Smaller slot catalogue than dedicated slots casinos
- Dollar pricing needs conversion for UK players
Rivo: cashback-led package alongside a large match
Rivo pairs a 1000% up to €10,000 slots welcome package with 25% cashback, giving it a hybrid structure between match bonus and loyalty-style reward. The cashback element is worth checking separately, since cashback percentages and wagering conditions on cashback funds often differ from the main deposit bonus.
| Year Launched | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 3,100+ |
| Payout Time | 24–72 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 40x |
| Minimum Deposit | €20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Play'n GO, NetEnt |
Pros
- Cashback element adds a second reward layer
- High headline match ceiling
Cons
- Cashback wagering terms need separate verification
- Recent launch means limited long-term evidence
Daytonaspin: sterling bonus for slot-focused UK depositors
Daytonaspin closes this list with a 255% up to £4,500 plus 255 free spins package, priced in sterling. It is a mid-sized offer relative to the rest of this page, appropriate for players who want a GBP-denominated bonus without the largest possible ceiling.
| Year Launched | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 2,400+ |
| Payout Time | 48–72 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 40x |
| Minimum Deposit | £20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Microgaming, Evolution Gaming |
Pros
- Sterling pricing avoids conversion questions
- Matching free spin count to bonus percentage
Cons
- Recent launch limits available evidence on payout consistency
- Smaller game catalogue than the largest sites on this page
What are casinos not on GamStop?
GAMSTOP is the UK's free self-exclusion scheme. Every operator holding a UK Gambling Commission licence must connect to it, so registering once blocks you from every UKGC-licensed site for the period you choose. A non gamstop casino is one licensed elsewhere, most commonly in Curaçao, which is why the scheme has no technical or legal reach into it.
This label covers a broad group of sites, and it is worth separating three things people often conflate. First, a non GamStop casino simply means an operator outside the UKGC's licensing perimeter — it is a licensing fact, not a quality signal. Second, "offshore casino" is a wider term describing any operator licensed outside your home jurisdiction; not every offshore casino markets itself around GAMSTOP at all. Third, claims of "no-KYC" or "no verification" casinos should be treated with caution. Most legitimate operators, including Curaçao-licensed ones, still run identity checks to meet anti-money-laundering rules, typically before a withdrawal rather than at signup. A site that genuinely skips this is more of a concern than a convenience.
Being listed as a casino not on GamStop does not establish that a site is authorised to serve UK customers, that its games are independently tested to UK standards, or that its complaints process meets UK consumer protection benchmarks. It only tells you which self-exclusion scheme does not apply.
How non GamStop casinos differ from UKGC-licensed casinos
The regulatory category an operator falls into affects several practical things beyond the licence certificate itself.
| Area | UKGC-licensed casinos | Non GamStop (typically Curaçao) casinos |
|---|---|---|
| Self-exclusion | Connected to GAMSTOP by law | Not connected; only operator-level tools apply |
| Complaints route | UKGC and approved ADR bodies | Overseas regulator's own process, generally slower and less standardised |
| Bonus advertising rules | Governed by UK advertising and licence conditions | Governed by the issuing jurisdiction's rules, which are often lighter |
| Payment methods | PayPal and UK bank transfer commonly available | PayPal rarely available; card, e-wallet and crypto more common |
| Currency | GBP accounts standard | EUR or USD common; GBP accounts vary by operator |
None of this makes every offshore operator unsafe, and none of it makes every UKGC operator problem-free. It does mean the burden of checking terms, ownership and licence validity sits more heavily on the player when using a site outside UK authorisation. Larger, longer-established gambling sites not on GamStop tend to publish clearer terms than very new entrants, though a longer history is evidence of experience, not proof of reliability.
How we reviewed these non GamStop casinos
Each casino site on this page was assessed against the same published information: the licence displayed on the operator's own site, the wording of its bonus terms, its listed payment methods, and any publicly stated payout timeframes. We looked at ownership information where it was disclosed, checked whether licence numbers matched the operating brand, and read the bonus terms in full rather than relying on marketing summaries.
We did not conduct deposits, withdrawals or live customer support tests, and we say so plainly where that limits what can be confirmed. Where an operator's payout time, wagering terms or game count is stated here, it reflects the operator's own published information rather than an independently measured result.
Assessing new casinos not on GamStop
Several operators in this comparison launched in 2022 or 2023, which is recent by the standards of established online casino sites. A new non gamstop casino is not automatically riskier than a new online casino company generally, but a shorter operating history does mean less evidence exists on how it handles large withdrawals, disputed bonus terms or sustained customer volume.
Specific red flags worth checking on any new operator include: a licence number that does not resolve on the regulator's own register, bonus terms that omit a maximum cashout or wagering figure entirely, contact details limited to a single email address, and marketing that promises guaranteed winnings or risk-free play. None of the operators reviewed above displayed the most serious of these red flags in the materials examined, but a limited track record remains a genuine limitation of the evidence, not something a bonus offer can offset.
Common licences behind non GamStop casinos
Understanding which regulator sits behind a site matters more than the size of its welcome bonus, because the licence determines what happens if something goes wrong.
Curaçao
The Curaçao Gaming Control Board is the most common licensing authority among casinos not on GamStop, including several operators reviewed on this page. Since 2023 Curaçao has consolidated its previous master-licence system into a single regulator issuing licences directly, with tighter requirements than the old sub-licensee model. It still sits well below UKGC standards on player fund protection and dispute resolution, but it is not the unregulated space it is sometimes described as.
Malta
The Malta Gaming Authority is a more established regulator than Curaçao's, with clearer player-fund segregation rules and a formal complaints process. Some non GamStop operators hold Malta licences, which generally indicates a more mature compliance framework, though Malta licensing still does not equate to UK authorisation.
Panama, Anjouan, Tobique and Kahnawake
Panama's Junta de Control de Juegos, the Anjouan Gaming Authority, the Tobique Gaming Commission and the Kahnawake Gaming Commission each license online gambling operators internationally. Requirements and enforcement vary significantly between them; Kahnawake, based in Canada, has a longer regulatory track record than the newer Anjouan and Tobique frameworks. A licence from any of these bodies means the operator meets that jurisdiction's requirements, not the UK's.
Estonia
The Estonian Tax and Customs Board licenses online gambling within the EU regulatory framework, which brings a different set of consumer obligations than Curaçao or Panama. Estonia-licensed operators marketing to UK players are still outside UKGC authorisation regardless of the EU standing of the licence itself.
Checking a licence yourself
Whatever the jurisdiction, two checks matter: does the licence number displayed match the exact domain you are using, and does the licensed legal entity match the operator's own terms and conditions. A licence badge that cannot be verified against the regulator's public register, or that names a different company to the one processing your payment, is a clear warning sign regardless of which jurisdiction is claimed.
Casino bonuses: welcome offers, free spins, no-deposit deals, cashback and loyalty rewards
Bonus structures vary across non gamstop casinos, and the headline figure is the least useful number for judging real value. What matters is the wagering requirement, which games count toward it, and any cap on what you can withdraw.
Welcome packages and deposit bonuses
A welcome bonus, sometimes split into a deposit bonus across your first few deposits, matches a percentage of what you put in, credited as bonus funds you must wager before withdrawal. The operators on this page range from 150% up to 1000% match structures. A higher percentage is not automatically better if the wagering requirement rises with it.
Free spins
Free spins are typically restricted to specific slot titles and carry their own wagering requirement on any winnings generated, separate from a deposit bonus's wagering. Spin value (10p versus 20p per spin, for example) affects total winnings potential and is worth checking, since two "100 free spins" offers are not equivalent if the stake per spin differs.
No-deposit offers
A no-deposit bonus grants a small amount of bonus funds or spins without requiring a deposit first. None of the operators reviewed above listed a no-deposit offer among their published promotions at the time of this review, and no-deposit bonuses generally carry higher wagering multiples and lower maximum withdrawal caps than deposit-linked bonuses when they are offered.
Cashback
Cashback returns a percentage of net losses over a set period, as seen in Rivo's 25% cashback element. Cashback funds usually carry their own, often lower, wagering requirement than a deposit bonus, but the exact terms should be confirmed separately from the main welcome offer.
Loyalty rewards
Loyalty programmes reward continued play with points, cashback tiers or personalised offers over time, rather than a one-off signup bonus. Evidence on the specific loyalty structures at the operators above is limited to what each publishes on its own site, so treat any loyalty scheme description as a general feature rather than a guaranteed long-term benefit.
Worked wagering example
Take a £50 deposit matched at 250% (a mid-range figure among the offers above), giving a £125 bonus. At 40x wagering applied to the bonus only, that is 40 × £125 = £5,000 in total stakes required. At 40x applied to deposit plus bonus, it becomes 40 × £175 = £7,000. On slots contributing 100% at £1 per spin, that is 5,000 or 7,000 spins respectively before a withdrawal request is possible. This is an illustrative calculation using stated assumptions, not a reflection of any single operator's exact terms; always check whether wagering applies to bonus-only or deposit-plus-bonus, since the difference is substantial.
Payment methods at non GamStop casinos
Deposit availability and withdrawal availability are not the same thing at any casino site. A method accepted for deposits, such as a prepaid voucher, may not be usable for withdrawals at all, and operators frequently list separate minimums and fees for each direction.
| Method | Deposits | Withdrawals | Typical consideration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Debit cards (Visa, Mastercard) | Widely accepted | Common, subject to bank processing | Some UK banks flag or block gambling transactions |
| Bank transfer | Supported at most operators | Slower than cards or e-wallets | May involve a currency conversion fee |
| E-wallets (Skrill, Neteller) | Common | Common, generally faster | Own account verification required separately |
| PayPal | Rare at non-UKGC sites | Rare at non-UKGC sites | PayPal largely restricts casino use to UK-licensed operators |
| Paysafecard | Supported by several paysafe casinos not on gamstop | Not usable for withdrawals | Prepaid, deposit-only by design |
| Cryptocurrency (Bitcoin, Ethereum) | Supported at crypto-focused operators like CoinPoker | Often faster than fiat methods | Value fluctuates with exchange rate between deposit and withdrawal |
| Instant bank transfer services | Supported at some operators | Faster than standard bank transfer | Availability depends on your own bank's participation |
Debit card payments
Cards remain the most familiar deposit method for UK players. Some UK-issued cards decline gambling transactions by default, a setting the cardholder can usually toggle with their bank; this is unrelated to the casino's own processing.
Bank transfers
Bank transfers suit larger deposits or withdrawals but are the slowest common method, particularly where the receiving account sits outside the UK and a currency conversion is applied.
E-wallets
Skrill and Neteller are widely used at non gamstop casino sites and generally process withdrawals faster than a bank transfer, though the e-wallet provider applies its own verification separately from the casino's.
PayPal availability
PayPal availability at non GamStop casinos is limited; PayPal's own merchant policies mean it is used almost exclusively by UKGC-licensed sites, so UK players should not assume any operator on this page supports it without checking directly.
Cryptocurrency payments
Crypto deposits and withdrawals, supported at operators like CoinPoker, can settle faster than fiat methods, but the sterling value of your balance moves with the exchange rate between the deposit and withdrawal, which is a real cost or gain outside the casino's control.
Currency conversion and GBP accounts
A "GBP account" means your balance is held and displayed in pounds with no conversion applied at deposit or withdrawal. Several operators above price bonuses in euros or dollars; where no GBP account option exists, expect a conversion fee or unfavourable exchange rate applied by the casino's payment processor, on top of anything your own bank or card issuer charges.
Minimum deposits and payment fees
Minimum deposits among the ten operators here range from roughly £15 to £25 or the euro/dollar equivalent. Fees are not always disclosed clearly; check the cashier page directly before depositing, since a casino advertising "no fees" may still see fees deducted by an intermediary payment processor or your bank.
Withdrawals, KYC and account restrictions
A casino's advertised payout time refers to how quickly it approves a withdrawal request internally. It does not include the separate time your bank, card issuer or e-wallet takes to actually settle the funds, which can add several more days on top, particularly for bank transfers.
Identity verification, or KYC, is standard practice at legitimate operators regardless of licence jurisdiction. Expect to submit proof of identity and address, and possibly a source-of-funds declaration for larger withdrawals or sustained high-value play. Source-of-funds checks are not unique to non GamStop casinos; UKGC-licensed sites apply the same principle, sometimes at lower thresholds.
Non-GamStop does not mean no verification, and it does not mean guaranteed instant withdrawals. Both claims appear in casino marketing more often than they hold up in practice. The most common causes of a delayed payout are: verification documents submitted late or rejected for quality issues, an active bonus with unfinished wagering attached to the balance, or a withdrawal amount exceeding the operator's stated limit for that payment method, requiring it to be split into multiple payments.
Withdrawal limits vary by operator and by method, with daily, weekly or monthly caps common. If a withdrawal is delayed beyond the stated timeframe or disputed outright, your escalation options depend on the licence: Curaçao-licensed operators direct complaints to their own internal process or the Curaçao regulator, which is slower and less standardised than the UK's Alternative Dispute Resolution scheme available to UKGC customers. Keep records of all correspondence, since that is the primary evidence in any dispute with an overseas operator.
Games not on GamStop: slots, live dealer and table games
Slots not on GamStop
Slot libraries across the operators reviewed range from around 1,200 to over 3,500 titles by their own published figures. A larger number is not a direct measure of quality; it often reflects how many studios an operator has integrated rather than how well any individual game performs. Progressive jackpot slots, which pool a percentage of stakes across all players into a growing prize, appear at most of these casinos, typically from providers such as Pragmatic Play and Microgaming. RTP (return to player) and volatility are set per game version, and the same title can carry a different RTP depending on which studio version is installed, so checking the specific game's information panel matters more than trusting a provider's brand generally. Volatility describes how often and how large a game pays: low-volatility slots pay smaller amounts more often, high-volatility slots pay larger amounts less frequently.
Live dealer and table games
Live dealer games, streamed from studios rather than computer-generated, are offered at most operators on this page, generally from Evolution Gaming where specified. Blackjack, roulette and baccarat appear in both live-dealer and standard RNG (random number generator) formats. Live tables run to fixed schedules and betting limits set by the studio, not the casino itself, so table limits can vary between operators using the same live provider.
Mobile casino games
Most non gamstop casino sites operate through browser-based mobile platforms rather than dedicated apps, since app-store policies restrict real-money gambling apps in several regions. Game availability on mobile generally mirrors desktop, though this was not independently tested across the operators reviewed here.
Game providers powering non GamStop casino sites
Software providers, not the casino itself, build and certify the individual games. Pragmatic Play appears most frequently across the operators reviewed, supplying slots and live dealer content. Evolution Gaming is the dominant name in live dealer tables specifically, including blackjack, roulette and baccarat streams. NetEnt and Microgaming are long-established slot studios with extensive back catalogues, while Play'n GO and Novomatic contribute widely distributed slot titles across multiple markets. Playtech supplies both slots and live content and has a long history in regulated markets generally. Big Time Gaming, known for originating the "Megaways" mechanic used under licence by other studios, appears in the higher-volatility slot segment.
A provider's presence at a casino indicates that studio's own game certification standards apply to that specific title, but it does not guarantee the casino itself pays out fairly, since payout speed and dispute handling are operator functions, not studio ones. Provider logos on a homepage are a starting point for research, not proof of the site's overall reliability.
Sports betting at non GamStop casinos
Not every casino not on GamStop operates a sportsbook, and this page cannot confirm sports betting availability for each of the ten operators listed without direct verification of each site's current product range at the time of writing. Where a combined casino and sportsbook account exists, it typically shares a single wallet, meaning casino and sports balances draw from the same funds rather than being held separately.
Where sports betting is offered, expect standard pre-match and in-play betting across football and other major sports, plus esports betting on titles such as Counter-Strike and League of Legends at operators that support it. Bet types generally include singles, accumulators (combining multiple selections into one bet) and bet builders (combining several markets within a single match into one bet). Cash-out, allowing a bet to be settled early before the event finishes, is a feature offered at the operator's discretion and is not universal.
Sports free bets differ from casino bonuses in structure: a free bet typically requires a minimum qualifying odds threshold (commonly around 1.50 to 2.00 in decimal odds), applies only to specified markets, and does not return the stake if the bet wins, only the winnings. This contrasts with a casino deposit bonus, which is credited as playable funds subject to wagering rather than tied to a single betting slip. Free bets also carry their own expiry, often shorter than casino bonus windows. Where a casino and sportsbook share a wallet, using bonus funds in one product may be restricted from the other, so read the specific terms attached to each promotion.
Self-exclusion at casinos not on GamStop
Self-exclusion tools exist at individual operator level even where GAMSTOP does not apply. Most non gamstop casino sites offer their own exclusion periods, deposit limits and loss limits set from within the account settings, but these controls generally apply only to that specific brand, and rarely extend automatically to sister sites under the same ownership unless the operator states otherwise.
This means excluding yourself from one casino not on GamStop does not stop you registering at another, which is a meaningful limitation compared with GAMSTOP's single registration covering every UKGC-licensed site. Deposit and loss limits, where offered, let you cap spending without a full exclusion, and are worth setting proactively rather than only after a problem develops.
None of this content is intended to help anyone bypass a GAMSTOP exclusion they have set for themselves. If you are currently self-excluded, the appropriate step is to remain excluded and seek support rather than open an account elsewhere. GamCare operates the National Gambling Helpline free of charge and provides confidential advice regardless of which operator or licence type is involved. Gambling blocking software installed at device or network level can also restrict access to gambling sites generally, including those outside GAMSTOP's reach, and is worth considering alongside any self-set limits.
Weighing up the best non GamStop casinos for your situation
The best casinos not on GamStop for one reader will not be the best for another. Someone prioritising a low minimum deposit will weigh these operators differently to someone prioritising crypto withdrawal speed or a sterling-denominated bonus. Use the licence, the wagering terms, the payment methods relevant to you and the operator's stated track record together, rather than the headline bonus figure alone. Genuine uncertainty remains around long-term payout reliability for the more recently launched sites on this page, and that uncertainty should factor into how much you are willing to deposit while evidence is still limited.